The scale of the persecution of converted Muslims and converted Jews in Spain and Portugal was the result of suspicions that they had secretly reverted to their previous religions, although both religious minority groups were also more numerous on the Iberian Peninsula than in other parts of Europe, as well as the fear of possible rebellions and armed uprisings, as had occurred in previous times.ĭuring this time, Spain and Portugal operated inquisitorial courts not only in Europe, but also throughout their empires in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions were instead focused particularly on the New Christians or Conversos, as the former Jews who converted to Christianity to avoid antisemitic regulations and persecution were called, the anusim (people who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will by violence and threats of expulsion) and on Muslim converts to Catholicism. The Inquisition also expanded to other European countries, resulting in the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition. During this period, the Inquisition conducted by the Holy See was known as the Roman Inquisition. ĭuring the Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, the scope of the Inquisition grew significantly in response to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Beginning in the 1250s, inquisitors were generally chosen from members of the Dominican Order, replacing the earlier practice of using local clergy as judges. Other groups investigated during the Medieval Inquisition, which primarily took place in France and Italy, include the Spiritual Franciscans, the Hussites, and the Beguines. The inquisitorial courts from this time until the mid-15th century are together known as the Medieval Inquisition. apostasy or heresy), particularly among the Cathars and the Waldensians. The Inquisition had its start in the 12th-century Kingdom of France, with the aim of combating religious deviation (e.g. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, but convictions of unrepentant heresy were handed over to the secular courts, which generally resulted in execution or life imprisonment. The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics.

A 19th-century depiction of Galileo before the Holy Office, by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury For other uses, see Inquisition (disambiguation).

This article is about the Inquisition within the Catholic Church.

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